When Britain abolished slavery in 1833 and enslaved people were emancipated across the British Empire in 1838, the plantation system faced a labour crisis. The solution: indentured labour — bringing workers from India (primarily from Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu) under contracts that were legally voluntary but practically coercive, to replace the freed enslaved workforce on Caribbean, African, Pacific, and South American plantations. Between 1838 and 1917, approximately 500,000 Indian workers were transported under indenture — the "second wave" of forced migration that produced new culinary synthesis traditions across the diaspora.
The Indian indentured labour culinary routes and their specific synthesis traditions.
AFRICA TO AMERICA — SLAVE TRADE CULINARY ROUTES: DEEP CONTINUATION