The Mexican Chilli System: A Taxonomy

Chillies were first cultivated in Mexico approximately 8,000 years ago. The Aztec market in Tenochtitlan (modern Mexico City) — documented by Hernán Cortés in the 16th century — already had dozens of varieties of chilli for sale. The Spanish brought Mexican chillies to Europe and Asia, where they were adopted with extraordinary speed — within 100 years, chilli had become central to Indian, Southeast Asian, Hungarian, and Korean cooking. The word "chilli" comes from the Nahuatl chīlli.

Mexico is the origin country of the entire Capsicum genus — the 3,000+ varieties of chilli developed over 8,000+ years of cultivation in the Americas represent the world's most diverse chilli tradition. Arronte's documentation of the Mexican chilli vocabulary is the most important technical section in Mexico: The Cookbook — it establishes that Mexican cooking is not generically "spicy" but operates with a sophisticated taxonomy of chilli varieties, each with specific flavour profiles, heat levels, and prescribed applications.