Alfajores: Arab-Andalusian honey pastries
Medina Sidonia, Cádiz, Andalusia (Moorish origin)
Alfajores are one of the most direct surviving links to the cooking of Al-Andalus — a pastry of ground almonds, honey, bread, and spices (cloves, coriander, cinnamon, anise) that appears in the earliest recorded Spanish confectionery documents and has remained essentially unchanged in Medina Sidonia (Cádiz) since the 15th century. The name derives from the Arabic al-hasú (the filling), and the technique of binding ground nuts with honey and spices is characteristic of the medieval Islamic kitchen.
Modern alfajores from the Americas (particularly the dulce de leche sandwich cookie version) are a completely different preparation — the Spanish alfajor is a dense, dark, spiced confection, not a sandwich cookie.