Bagoong (Fermented Shrimp/Fish Paste)

Bagoong is the Filipino fermented paste made from small shrimp (bagoong alamang) or small fish (bagoong monamon, bagoong isda) cured in salt and fermented for months to years. It is one of the foundational condiments of the Filipino larder — Fernandez (Tikim, 1994) identifies bagoong as "the salt of the Philippines," serving the same structural role as fish sauce in Thai cooking or miso in Japanese cooking: a fermented umami-salt base that seasons everything. The distinction between the two primary forms is critical: bagoong alamang (shrimp paste) is made from tiny krill-sized shrimp (Acetes species, known locally as alamang) mixed with salt at a ratio of approximately 3:1 (shrimp to salt by weight) and fermented in clay jars for 3–12 months. The result is a pink-to-brown paste with a pungent, briny, funky aroma and an intense umami-salt flavour. Bagoong monamon (fish paste) is made from small anchovies (dilis, Stolephorus species) or round scad fermented in salt — it is darker, fishier, and more intensely pungent than shrimp bagoong. The Ilocano and Pangasinan traditions are the heartland of bagoong production — Lingayen, Pangasinan is the documented centre of traditional bagoong production in the Philippines. Besa and Dorotan (Memories of Philippine Kitchens, 2006) describe visiting Pangasinan producers who ferment bagoong in rows of clay burnay jars for up to three years.

The production technique (bagoong alamang): harvest fresh alamang (krill-sized shrimp, Acetes species). Mix with coarse sea salt at a ratio of 3 parts shrimp to 1 part salt. Pack into clay jars (burnay) or food-grade plastic containers. Seal. Ferment at ambient temperature (tropical Philippine climate, 25–35 C / 77–95 F) for a minimum of 3 months (pink stage) to 12+ months (fully matured, brown stage). During fermentation, the salt draws moisture from the shrimp through osmosis; proteolytic enzymes from the shrimp's own digestive system break down the protein into amino acids (the source of umami); lactic acid bacteria produce acids that lower the pH and create the fermented tang. The maturation stages: at 1–3 months, the paste is pink, grainy, and mildly funky (this stage is preferred for cooking with green mangoes); at 6–12 months, it is brown, smooth, and intensely pungent (this stage is preferred as a cooking condiment); at 2–3 years, it is dark brown, almost paste-like, with a deep, rounded umami that has lost its initial sharpness. For culinary use: bagoong alamang is sauteed in oil with garlic, onion, tomato, and sugar to produce ginisang bagoong (sauteed shrimp paste) — the standard table condiment served alongside kare-kare (oxtail stew in peanut sauce) and with green mangoes.

Bagoong alamang (shrimp): intensely salty, briny, funky-sweet — the shrimp provides a crustacean sweetness beneath the salt and fermentation pungency. When sauteed (ginisang bagoong), the raw funk mellows and the sweetness comes forward. Bagoong monamon (fish): darker, fishier, more aggressively pungent — closer to anchovy paste in intensity. The maturation stage changes the flavour: young (pink) bagoong is sharp and assertive; aged (brown) bagoong is mellower, rounder, and deeper. The overall profile: salt, umami, funk, brine — the flavour backbone of Filipino cooking.